malana: computer help

Introduction

The use of information technology (11) is well recognized. This became must for the survival of business houses with the growing information technology trends. Computer is one of the major components of an information technology network and gaining increasing popularity. Today computer technology has permeated every sphere of existence of modern man. From railway reservations to medicals diagnosis, from TV programs to satellite launching from match making to criminal coaching every where we witness the durance, sophistications and efficiency possible only with the help of computer.

What is computer?

Computer is defined as an automatic electronic device which can process information based upon the instructions and generates output with in no time. The input provided should be in the format as desired by computer. The input should either be topical or numerical.

Input device

1. Mouse

2. Keyboard

3. Scanner

4. Light pen

5. Joystick

Output device

1. Monitor/LCD

2. Speaker

3. Printer

2. Function of computer

1. Accepting data- Computer accepting data though input. Its example is-Like-Keyboard, mouse, joystick webcam microphone, scanner.

2. Processing data- (C.P.U) process the data and give us useful result.

3. Displaying data-The data displaying on monitor.

4. Storing data- result saving in memory is called storing its called input- - - - - - -process - - - - - - -output cycle.

What is an instruction

Order give to the computer which row data is know these instructions.

I/P

O/P

CU ALU

Keyboard, Mouse Monitor, Printer

Saving Hard disk drive

Text: - a-b-c-d

It’s used input-CU-O/P

Numercal-1-2-3-4

It’s used in I/P-Cu-O/P

C.U- - - - - - Central unit

A.L.U- - - - -Central processing unit

C.U+A.P.U=C.P.U

E.G Example give

Who was the first inventor of the computer?

The answer of this Question depends of your definition of a computer. The first known counting devices or tools were tally sticks from about 35,000 BC.

The Abacus was then invented by Babylonians in 2400 BC.

History of computer

1.ABACCUSS- Its chaises invented it is 13^th century it’s a calculating used for plus and mines.

1. Slide Rule- Its invented by William Authoring 1620 its used for plus mines multiply and divided he is a British scientist.

3. Pascal calculator- It’s invented by Balsa Pascal in 1642. Its used for plus mines multiply, divide square root, learn and storing.

4. Jacquards- Its invented by marry jacquard 17^th century its used for plus, mines, multiply, divide square root, learn and storing.

5. Analytic Engine- It is invented Charles Babbage in 1835. Charles Babbage and called father of computer.

Difference Engine- Are also invented by charnels Babbage.

6. ENIVAC- It’s invented by Dr. Howard in 1945.

ENIVAC- Is first electronic computer.

ENIVAC- It’s invented by J.k manchely in 1946.

First Generation of computer

First Generation of computer (1945-1954) in this Generation the main computer of the computer was vacuum tube. It is large in size and cost was very high.ENIAC computer was produced in this Generation.

ENIVAC- Electronic numeric integrator and computer.

Second Generation of computer (1955-1964)

It this Generation the main component of the computer was Transistor. The transistor ware emplaced the large vacuum tube. In this Generation computer size was Reduce as compare to first Generation of computer and low cost as compare to first Generation of computer. I.B.M. International Bashes machine.

Third Generation computers (1964-1971)

Though transistors were clearly an improvement tube, they still generated a great deal of still generated a great deal of heat, which damaged the computer’s sensitive internal parts. Jack Kirby, an engineer with Texas in strumpets, developed the integrate circuit (IC) in 1958. The IC combined there electronic components onto a small sill con disc, which was made from quartz. Scientists tater managed to fit even more components on a single chip, called a semiconductor. As a result, computers were squared into the chip0. Another third-generation development at once with a central program thud monitored and coordinated the computer’s memory.

Fourth Generation (1971-Prosent)

After the integrated circuits, the only please to go was down-in size that is large scale integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components onto one chip. By the 1980,s very large scale (VISI) squeezed undress of components onto a chip ultra-large scale integration (UISI) increased that number into the millions. The ability to fit so much onto an area abut holy the size of a U.S. dime helped. Diminish the size and power, efficiency and reliability. The gentle 4004 chip, developed in 1971, took the integrated circuit one step further by locating all the components of a computer (central processing unit) on a minuscule chip, whereof previously the integrated circuit had to be mango cured to fit a special purpose, how one microspore censor could be manufactured and then programmed to meet any number of demands. Soon everyday havened items such as microwave with electronic fuel injection incorporated microprocessors.

Characteristics of computer

The evolution of computer took place due to need of speed, accuracy and consistency in calculation of any time. These factors became the characteristics of computer. Capacity to store huge data at a time able to modify the data according to user are some features of computer.

Speed – Computers work at an incredible speed. The speed can be analyzed from the fact that within no time calculation are made. The speed of the computer is measured in nanoseconds in term of milliseconds, microseconds or picoseconds. The computer on which you are working on would be processing information at the speed of a couple of a million instructions per second, also called mps in computer language.

Accuracy- Now fast the computer may be work with 100% accuracy. If the input provided is correct at your end then computer will give the desired answer on which one can relay. During the help of computers on which scientist prediction are accurate.

The think to remember while providing input to the computer is that the data/instruction should be correct in its respect because computer works on the philosophy of GIGO (Garbage in Garbage Out). In accurate result can only be possible due to inaccurate or ferity data.

Consistency- Consistency means how long monotonous job can be done with same speed and accuracy. Computers are the master of IT. Monotonous job does not have any meaning to them. Whatever data, instruction are given for execution, computer treat it as new job and performs it with same speed accuracy neither they get tired of performing repetitive and voluminous work.

Storage Capacity- Computers are capable of storing huge data at a time. The data can be as long as one can expect and should be in the computer language. Once stored, it can be retrieved almost instenousty unless some problem takes place. Some common storage devices are hard disk, CD ROM, magnetic disk, floppy disk etc.

Classification of computers

Computers are also classification into four categories according to its speed and size they are.

Super computers

Main frame

Mini computers

MICR computers

Dot us discuss about these your categories one by one.

Super computers

Super computer are amongst the faster machines in terms of processing speed and use multiprocessing techniques. They use number of processes at a time in paroled to make it faster. They perform massive data processing. They have a seep of 2000 million arithmetic operations per second. They are used mainly for weather forecasting, remote sensing. Weapons research and development, seismology, image processing. Bin-medical applications, atomic and nuclear physics atc. Some features of super computers are.

1. Processing speed lies between 400-10,000 MIPS.

CDAC, an institute of pone in India has also developed a super computer by the name of PRRAM. Some worked famous computers are CRAY 3 developed by control data corporation, Sx-2 developed by Nipp Electric corporation, Japan. Hitac -300.

MAIN FRAME COMPUTERS

Mainframe computer are very powerful. Large sized and very affective. They are very large computers with a very high capacity of main storage. They are generally used in big companies, banks, government department’s partial organizations such as Rollways and Airlines use mainframe for their network, handing hundreds of uses. Some features of mainframe computers are.

MINI COMPUTERS

They are less powerful than main computers but more powerful then micro computer. Talking of present scenario, microprocessors have surpassed mini computers and are heading towards mainframe computers in every aspect. The first popular minicomputer was the PDP-8 launched in 1965. Minicomputers were used in a small organization where limited computers are interconnected to share the data, printers, processing of payrolls and financial accounts.

Microcomputer

Microcomputers are the smallest type of computer. They are also known as personal Computer or Desktop computer. It uses 8086 series CPU. 80486 processor of Intel were named as Pentium and since then Pentium series started. Presently Pentium IV with a speed of 2GHz is in the market.

Hardware

Computer is a mechanical device composed of physical components. All these components are assembled for a smooth functioning. These components may be electronic, electrical, magnetic, mechanical or optical. Some of them are processor, Visual Display Unit, Keyboard, Mouse etc.

Central Processing Unit

CPU is the main processing unit of computer. Its primary function is to execute programs. Other than this, the CPU controls the operation of all attached components such as input/output devices, memory. Whenever some input is given or output is obtained, it is routed through CPU. CPU in turn decides whether to process the data or to display on the screen/printer. Thus CPU acts as the brain of computer. CPU is a combination of Arithmetic & Logic Unit, Control Unit and Memory unit (Primary). Arithmetic & logic unit and control unit is called microprocessor.

Control unit (CU)

This unit is responsible for controlling the entire functioning of the ALU. It receives its instructions from the memory and precedes it to ALU for processing or other destination offer decoding the instructions. The timing and control signs are generated by this unit and send to other units for execution of the program.

Arithmetic & Logic unit

ALU is the unit where the actual execution of instructions takes place during processing in other wards we can say that all arithmetical as well as logical calculations are performed in this unit. After receiving the instruction from control, Unit, AIU gets busy in processing. The temporary output is stored in Registers which is reutilized to calculate the final result. This result is stored in the storage unit and released to an output device. ALU perform four arithmetical aerations i.e. Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division. The block diagram depicting microprocessor is shown here.

ARITHMETIC

INPUT OUTPUT

CONTROL UNIT

Input and Output

Input and output is a set of interfaces which are used by separate sub-systems or functional units of a main system that deals with information processing. These interfaces are used to correspond with one another. The inputs receive signals in the form of inputs and send it or out it out in the form of outputs. Input and output is an important aspect of computers functioning.

Input and Output Devices

For a computer the main input devices are mouse and keyboard and the output devices are printers and scanners. Certain devices like network cards and modems are communication devices meant for both input and output. The central part of the computer is the computer is the computer is the complex formed by the CPU and the main memory combined together. Any kind of passage of information to or from that combination is called input and output.

Memory unit

The arithmetic and logic unit and the control unit together are termed as the central processing unit (C.P.U.). The CPU is the most important computer hardware. The ALU performs the arithmetic operation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division and logical operations such as A-B where A and B are either logical or numerical.

All the arithmetic and logical operations are performed in the CPU in special storage called registers. The size of the register is one of the important considerations in determining the processing capabilities of the CPU. Register size of the amount of information that can be held in a register at a time for processing. The larger the register size the faster may be speed of processing. A CPU’s processing power is measured in million instructions per second (MIPS). The performance of the CPU was measured in millisecond. (One million of a second) on second generation computers, in third generation computer, and its expected to be measured in Pico-second.

How can the instruction and data be put into the computer?

The instruction and data need to be supplied by external environment therefore, on input module is needed. The main responsibility of input module will be to can be recognized by the system. Similarly we need another component which will report the result is proper format module. These components are referred as together as input/output (I/O) components.

System Bus

The most common interconnection structure is the Bus structure. A bus is set of wires (lines) which you can visualize on the motherboard of a computer. It is a shared media. A bus connecting the CPU memory and IIO components is called a system bus. It may consist of 50 to 100 lines.

Registers

While performing calculation, ALU requires certain temporary memory. Location where the data may be stored and its part of the ALU are called registers.

Primary Memory

With the advent of windows, multi tasking environment was developed. In this environment various applications can run simultaneously. For example while typing letters in MS-Word you can hear music or can run other application software too. The primary memory determines the number of application that can run simulate only. Primary memory is a first random access memory (RAM). Necessary software required to boot and run the system are also loaded in the primary memory.

Memory Organization

Memory can be classified into two categories. Primary memory and secondary memory.

Primary memory

We have already discussed about the primary memory previously. It is a volatile memory which is fast in comparison to secondary memory. It is a part of CPU and is directly accessed by the processor. They are made up of semi-conduction chips and stores current data i.e. running program. It can be directly accessed and modified by the processor and hence also called Radom Access Memory (RAM). Main memory is further classified in two categories i.e. RAM and ROM. ROM we have already discussed. Rom is known as Read Only Memory. This is used in storing programs provided by the manufacture of computer for basic operations. They are non volatile in nature and store the initial instruction for booting. They are of various types like PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.

Secondary memory

The secondary memory or magnetic memory is employed for storage (mess storage) of programs, data and other information. It has much larger capacity than main memory. It stores system software, application software and use data. The secondary memory is non-volatile in nature. Magnetic tap and magnetic disk are commonly used as storage media. With the advancements in the optical technology now optical disk are trying to make inroads as one of the major external memory.

What are software

A set of instructions that. Perform a particular. Task is called the program or software program. The instruction in the program licit the computer to perform input operations, process the data and output the results.

In other words other words we can say that a computer is an electromechanical device who can neither think nor make any judgment on its own. Neither the computer can do anything till some instructions are given It understands the computer language and fails to understand common used language such as English, Hindi, etc. computer requires a way so that computer can understand what ever we type. Software program helps to tell it what to do this we can say that a software, program is a set of instructions written in a way that help in proving inter face between the user and computer.

The software are classified into three categories. They are-

(a) System software

(b) Application software

(c) Utilities program.

MS-DOS is organized into three parts The Input /output system, The command processor, The utilities.

Input-Output system

The input/output system as the name implies, handles everything that comes in (input) and goes out of the computer system. In fact the input/output system handles every character that is typed, displayed, printer, received or sent through communication adapters. Its components. Comprise of disk file handlers and a non-disk peripheral handler.

Disk file handlers are responsible for stoning and retrieving programs and information from the disk whereas the non-disk peripheral handler is software controlling the keyboard, usual display unit, communication and similar devices. The two disk files responsible for the work of the input/output system of the work of the IBM computer and MSDOS. SYS. Bath these files are hidden files. Together these two files provide a unified set of routines for controlling and directing the computer resources. These two files are also responsible for creation of files, writing of information onto files. Reading of information from files changing the homes of files. Listing of file Size, loading and running programs and handling the hierarchical directory system.

Command Processor

The command processor or the command interpreter is the program you communicate with, which in turn informs DOS what function to perform. The name of the disk file responsible for this activity is Cmmdand.COM. This displays the system prompt in case of computers with hard disk. When a command is typed. It is a communication to COMMAND. Com, which then interprets what is typed and takes the appropriate action.

This it translates a command that you can understand into something that DOS can understand. If there is a mistake in your command. Or any form of malfunction, which MS-DOS recognizes, COMMAND.COM will sends an error message on the screen.

Utilities

Utilities are software which is made up of useful program which are often required while working on the system. To save valuable computer memory space, they supplied with system disk and are loaded into memory whenever put to use and automatically get cleared from memory when their task is over. Besides these numbers of utility programs provided by MS-DOS, you as a user can also developed the utilities that are repeatedly while working on the system.

Internal and external commands

The commands of DOS are categories into internal & external command. The internal commands which is present in the system. It is a part of a COMMAND.COM program. If you type in any of the internal commands such as COPY, irrespective of which disk drive is operational, you will still be able to use the COPY command. Putting it simply, once the DOS gets resident in the memory, for internal command usage, the system does not refer to the DOS available on the disk, but takes the required instructions from the memory resident portion of the DOS.

External commands

External commands are those commands which from part of the MS-DOS, command structure but are not present in the system when MS-DOS is operational. Before an external command can be put to use, it is first loaded. As a result you must have the path set to MS-DOS directory in the computer to make use of the external command. FORMAT, DISKCOPY etc. are example of external commands.

DOS COMMANDS

Dos allow you to you to perform various activities, For e.g. You can display a list of the files on the disk, create files, remove unwanted files and so on. To perform these activates, you must give DOS certain instructions. These instructions are referred to as a DOS commands.

At the DOS prompt, which may be c: or A:, depending upon which the active, you may enter any of the DOS commands. These are commands for the performance of different activities. After you give the command DOS carries out what it has been asked perform. This is also referred to as the executive of DOS commands. DOS commands may be classified as directory commands and five commands.

Date:-

This command displays the current system date and prompts you to change c:\> Date (enter)

Specify the date in mm-dd-yyyy format.

Time:-

This command displays the current system time and propels you to change the time if necessary.

C:\> Time (enter)

Time is display in the format as shown below

TIME {HOURS: {MINTES: {SECONDS}}} {AIP}

Hours parameter specifies the hour. Valid value is from O to 23.

Minutes parameter specifies the minutes. A valid value is from O to 59.

Seconds’ parameter specifies the seconds. Valid value is from O to 59.

CLS

This command is used to clear the contents of the screen. Sinter is

C:\> CLS (enter)

DIR

This command is used to display a list of the files and/or subdirectories in the specified path.

C:\> DIR (enter)

Shows the files and directories stared in C: of your computer. Complete DOS command is:

DIR [drive:] [Path] [Filename] [/P/[/W][/a:attribute][/O:atttrinute][/S]

Let us understand the use of switches in DIR command.

DIR

/P This switch used to display the listing page by page.

/W This switch is used t6o display the listing in wide format with as many as five filenames or directory names on each line.

/a: attreibue

Where attribute can be replaced by following characters

H Hidden files

-H Files that are not hidden

S System files

-S files other than system files

D Directories

-D Other than directories

R Read Only

-R files that are not read only. Way of using with command is

C:\> DIR/AH for viewing hidden files.

/O attributes- This switch in combination with DIR displays directory names and file name in order. Following attributes can be used:-

N In alphabetic order by name

-N In reverse alphabetic by name (Z through)

E Analphabetic order by extension.

-E In reverse alphabetic order by extension (Z through A)

D By date and time, earliest first.

-D By size, smallest first.

S By size, smallest first.

/S This switch lists every occurrence, in the specified directory and all subdirectory, of the specified filename.

Use of wildcard characters

? And * are two types of wildcard character. These are used to represent a group of similar files at a time. ? Mark replace one character whereas * is used to represent a group of character. Let’s understand it by an e.g.-

C:\> DIR AB *.* (enter)

This command will show all the files whose extension is .exe whereas its name can start with anything.

MD or MKDIR

This command is used to create a directory or a multilevel structure. Syntax is –

MD [drive:][path]

C:\> MD COMPUTER (enter)

This command creates a directory by the name of computer in root directory.

CD or CHDIR

Displays the names of current directory or changes the current directory. Syntax is-

CD [drive] [path]

C:\> CD COMPUTER (enter)

CD..

This command is used to return one step back. For e.g.

C:\COMPUTER>cd.. Will change the prompt to C:\>

RD or RMDIR

This command is used to delete a directory. It is necessary that the directory which you are deleting should be empty. Syntax is-

RMDIR [drive:][path]

C:\> RMDIR COMPUTER (enter)

Will delete the directory as it is an empty one.

COPY

This command is used to copy one or more files to the specified location. This command can also be used to combine files. Syntax is-

COPY source path destination path

Source path specify the location and name of a file or set of files from which want to copy and

Destination path specify the location and name of a file or set of files to which you want to copy. It can also be drive latter (for e.g. to copy a file to a floppy disk).

MOVE

This command is used to move one or more files to the location you specify. This is also used to rename directories. The syntax is –

C:\> MOVE A. TXT C:\COMPUTER (enter)

For e.g. – C:\> MOVE COMPUTER PC (enter) will rename the directory COMPUTER to PC.

RENAME OR REN

This command is used to change the name of file or files you specify. Syntax is-

C:\> REN filename 1 filename 2

DEL OR ERASE

This command is used to delete the files you specify. Syntax is –

DEL [path] filename [/p]

PATH

This command specify the directories that MS-DOS search when you try to execute any program. Syntax is –

PATH [drive:][path..];[drive:] [path]

X COPY

This command is used to copy the directory and its structure from one destination to another. Syntax is

C:\>X COPY source file target file [/E] [/P] [/S]

DELTREE

This command deletes an entire directory that contains files, sub-directories or both files and subdirectories.

DELTREE path (enter) [/y]

DISK MANAGEMENT COMMANDS

CHKDSK

This command is used to check the current status of the disk. It analyses the directories, files and the File Allocation Table (FAT) on the designated or default drive and produces a disk and memory status report. Syntax is-

CHKDSK [C:] [/F]

C: specifies the drive that CHKDSK is to examine.

/F directs CHDSK to fix errors that found in the directory of File Allocation Table.

DISK COPY

This command makes an exact copy of a floppy disk i.e. it copies the entire contents of one floppy disk to another floppy disk. Syntax is –

DISK COPY drive1 drive2

FORMAT

This command prepares an unformatted floppy disk for use with MS-DOS. An unformatted disk cannot be used for copying the data neither is read by the system. Format command prepares the floppy disk for format.

FORMAT drive: [/Q] [/U] [/S]

SYS

This command transfers to the target disk the two hidden operating system file IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS, COMMAND.COM file is also loaded to make the disk bootable. Syntax is- SYS A: (enter) will make diskette a bootable by transferring the above specified files in the disk.

Window concepts feature, windows structure, desktop, taskbar, start menu, my computer, recycle bin, the window xp desktop.

Desktop refers to the main background area (in our example the white area). You can optimize your desktop in various ways, including adding a background picture, changing the size of icons on the desktop.

Introduction to the windows desktop

Icons- Icons are small graphical images that can represent your computer programs, files, folders and printer amongst other things.

To activate the program/file/folder that an icon represents you simply double click (two clicks in quick succession) on it with the left mouse button. This will activate the icon and either start a program or open a file/folder.

The icon on your desktop can be renamed by right clicking on them and selecting rename. They can be deleted by right clicking and selecting delete.

It is possible to create your own windows desktop icon for program files, folders etc.

In our example we have two icons. The outlook icon is for example purpose only; you may have different icons including my documents and the recycle bin icon.

Recycle bin- When you delete a file, window xp will place the file into recycle bin (instead of deleting it altogether), this allows you to restore the file in case you deleted it by mistake.

For example, if you deleted a file by accident you could click on the recycle bin icon to see its contents. Inside you will see the file/folder that you deleted, to restore the file back to where you deleted it from, right click on it and then select restore the menu that appears.

Windows explorer- Creating folder and other explorer facilities.

Opening windows explorer- An integral part of using your PC is file management, at same point you will to make a new folder or delete a file.

Windows explorer has been around since windows and is a very handy tool for managing your files and folders.

Windows explorer is basically the same environment as My computer, except it has a folders list shown by default (which can be turned on anyway in the My computer environment).

So all of the tasks in this section can be achieved using either windows explorer or the My computer environment.

To open the windows explorer

There are few ways to window explorer, here are different methods.

Method 1

Click on the start button, hover your mouse over the All programs (or programs in the classic view) and then hover over Accessories, finally click on windows explorer.

Method 2

Hold down the START button and press the E key.

Method 3

Click the start button, click run, type explorer into the box and press enter.

Method 4

Open My computer and click on the folders button at the top of the My computer environment.

Whichever method you choose to use, it has the same result.

Creating a new folder or folders

As mentioned there are numerous ways to create a new folder in the Win XP, we will look at only one mentioned here.

Open window explorer; navigate to the drive or folder in which you want to create your new folder. For example, we are going to create a new folder in our PC courses folder.

The steps are-

1. Right click anywhere in the white space and hover the mouse over new.

2. The click on folder from the sub-menu that appears.

Windows Accessories

Window XP provides several accessories or application that you can use to help you in your work. These accessories are full featured programs, but they are useful for specific jobs in the Windows environment. Accessories include a calculator, a painting program, a word processor, a text editor and internet applications.

Tasks

1. Using calculator

2. Using command prompt

3. Using WordPad

4. Typing text

5. Selecting text

6. Deleting text

7. Copying text

8. Moving text

9. Formatting text

10. Using notepad

11. Using paint

12. Drawing a shape with paint

13. Adding text to a drawing

14. Adding color to a drawing

15. Erasing part of a drawing

Notepad

Notepad is a simple text editor included in all versions of Microsoft windows since Windows 1.0 in 1985.

Notepad is a common text-only (plain text) editor. The resulting files – typically with the .txt extension – have no format tags or styles, making the program suitable for editing system files that are to be used in a DOS environment.

One notable feature of note pad is that it does not support formatting of any kind – if text/rich text is copied from a web page and pasted into a word processor, the formatting and embedded metadata comes along with the text, and can be difficult to remove. However, if text is copied from a formatted web site, pasted into notepad, then copied again from notepad before being pasted into a destination program, notepad will have stripped all of the formatting. An alternative of this use is, however provided in many word processors through the possibility to paste unformatted text, which may be easier to use with a little initial effort.

WordPad

Microsoft WordPad is free rich text editor included with Microsoft Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP and full release of Microsoft windows. Although capable doing much more then Microsoft notepad, Microsoft WordPad is not advanced as Microsoft word. To the right is an example image of what WordPad looks like in Windows 2000.

Microsoft word is able to create, edit and save their document as a plain-text file (.txt), Rich Text Format (.rtf), and Word for Windows 6.0 (.doc) format ( Windows 95, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME user only—XP does not support .doc).

Users who are using a version of Microsoft Windows that supports WordPad can run Microsoft WordPad (wordpad.exe) by following the below steps.

1. Click start

2. Click run

3. Type “WordPad” or “write” press enter.

1. Click start.

2. Click programs and then click accessories.

3. Click the “word pad” icon.

Paint

Paint (formerly paintbrush for Windows) is a simple graphics painting that has been included with almost all versions of Microsoft Windows since its first release. It is often referred to as MS Paint or Microsoft Paint. The program opens and saves file as Windows bitmap (24bit, 256 color, 16 color, and monochrome, all with the .bmp extension), JPEG, GIF (without animation or transparency, although the Window 98 version, a Window 95 upgrade, and the Window NT$ version did support the latter), PNG (without alpha channel), and TIFF (without the multiple pages). The program can be in color mode or two-color black-and-white, but there is no grayscale mode. For its simplicity, it rapidly became one of the most used applications in the early version of Windows-introducing many to painting on a computer for first time and still has strong association with the immediate of the Windows workspace.

Entertainment- CD player, DVD player, media player, sound recorder, volume control.

You can adjust the volume for your audio devices using a shortcut icon on your taskbar. By placing the volume control icon the taskbar, you don’t have to go into sounds and Audio Deceives in control panel each time you want to adjust the volume. To add the icon, follow these steps.

Click start, and then click control panel.

Click sound, speech, and Audio Devices.

Under pick a task, click change the speaker settings. In the sounds an Audio Devices properties dialog box, on the volume tab, select tab, select the place volume icon in the taskbar check box, and then click know, when you want to adjust the volume, click the icon and move the slider.

Windows Media Player

{abbreviated WAP} is a digital media player and library application developed by Microsoft that is used for playing audio, video and viewing images on personal computers running the Microsoft windows operating system, as all as on pocket PC and windows Mobile-based devices. Editions of windows media player were also receded for Mac Os, mace ox and Solaris but development of these has since been discontinued.

In addition to being a media player, windows media player includes the ability to rip music from and copy music to compact discs, build Audio CDS in recordable discs and synchronize content with a digital audio player (MP3 player) or other mobile deices, and enables users to purchase or other mobile deices, and enables users to purchase or rent music from a number of aniline music stores. Windows media player replaced an earlier piece of software called media player, adding factures beyond simple video or audio playback.

Installation of Hardware

There are thousands of fun and useful hardware accessories for your computer that can expand your storage space, turn your computer into a video phone, let you take recorded TV with you when you travel, and do just about anything also you can imagine. Connecting accessories to your computer is easy and takes only a few minters –and you don’t need to be a computer expert to do it. Installing hardware is usually a two-step process. First you connect the hardware, and then you set up the goes with it. Microsoft windows XP automatically recognizes many hardware products when you connect them, and install the software that’s provided with your hardware device, or you need to download software from the manufactures web site. And in some cases, you have to install the software before you nook up the hardware to your computer.

Installation of Software

After windows XP is set up and running it’s time to install the programs you want to use on your computer many programs are installed from a CD, but you can also download and install programs from the internet. By using an internet browser, you can choose from thousands of program for windows XP, including productivity tools, media players, and games-many of which are free.

You will find that it’s fun and easy to download programs from the internet. However some programs can make your slow or unreliable, or even damage your computer. Therefore, before you install program, make sure your computer is protected and prepared.

Install antivirus software such as Windows Defender. Some programs, known as spyware, adware, or malware, perform unwanted action on your computer. Antispyware programs can help protect you download programs and check for updates.

Using scanner

Scan document and photos on paper. Use a scanner to convert images on a paper to computer image file that you can easily store and share. Scanning is like photocopying, and works with both text and images. It’s a great way to create a digital backup of important document, including family photos, children’s artwork, financial paperwork, and contracts.

How to scan

To begin, purchase a scanner or a multifunction device that both prints and scans, connect it to your computer, and turn it on. If your scanner comes with its own scanning software, you can use that to scan documents. Follow the instructions included with your scanner. You can also scan documents with the scanner and camera wizard included with window XP.

MS-Word is a part of the bigger package called MS-OFFICE, which can do much more John word processing. In fact when you open up MS-OFFICE you will find main components in it.

What is word-Processing?

Word processor is a software package that enables you to create, edit, print and save documents for future relived and reference. Creating a document involves correcting the spelling mistakes, if any, deleting or moving words sentences or paragraphs.

(a) Advantages of word processing

One of the mien advantages of a word processor over a conventional typewriter is that a word processor enables you to make changes to a document wit put retyping the entire document.

(b) Features of word processing

Most word processor availed today allows more than just creating and editing documents. They have wide range of other tools and functions, which are used in formatting the documents. The following are the main features of a word processor.

1. Text is typing into the computer, which allows alterations to be easily.

2. Words and sentences can be inserted, amended or deleted.

3. Paragraphs or text can be copied/moved throughout the document.

4. Margins and page length can be adjusted as desired.

5. Spelling can be checked and modified through the spell.

6. Multipe document files can be merged.

7. Multipe copies of letters can be genera led with different addresses through the mail-merge facility.

Important Features of MS-WORD

MS-Word not only supports word processing features but also DTP features. Some of the important features of MS-Word are listed below.

i. Using word you can create the document and edit them later, as and when required, by adding more text, modifying the existing text, deleting/moving some part of it.

ii. Changing the size of the margins can reformat complete document or part of the text.

iii. Font size and types of fonts can also be changed. Page numbers and Header and Footer can be included.

iv. Spelling can be checked and correction can be made automatically in the entire document. Word count or other statistics can be generated.

v. Text can be reformatted in columnar style as we see in the newspaper. Text boxes can be made.

vi. Table can be made and included in the text.

vii. Word also allows the user to mix the graphical picture with the text. Graphical picture can either be created in the word itself or can be imported from outside like from clip art gallery.

viii. Word also provides the mail-merge facility.

ix. Word also has the facility of macros. Macro can be either attached to some function/special keys or to a tool bar or to a menu.

x. It also provides online help of any option.

You can go inside MS-WORD by the following way:

1. Take the mouse pointer to START button on the task bar. Click the left mouse button.

2. Move the pointer to programs. You will notice another menu coming up to the right.

3. In that menu identify where Microsoft word is placed. Move the cursor horizontally to come out of programs.

4. Move into the rectangular area meant for Microsoft word. Click the left mouse button there. The computer will start Microsoft word.

a. Title bar- The title bar displays the name of the currently active word document. Like other WINDOWS application, it can be used to alter the size and location of the word window.

b. Tool bar- Word has a tool bar that helps you to perform faster and with great ease. Two of the most commonly tool bars are the formatting tool bar and the standard tool bar. These two tool bar are displayed just below the title bar. At any point of time any tool bar can be made ON or OFF through the tool bar option of View menu.

c. Ruler bar- The ruler bar allows you to format the vertical alignment of text in a document.

d. Status bar- The status bar displays information about the currently active document. This includes the page number that you are working, the column and line number of the cursor position and so on.

e. Scroll bar- The scroll bar helps you scroll the content or body of document. You can do so by moving the elevator button along the scroll bar, or by click in on the buttons with the arrow marked on them to move up and down and left and right of a page.

f. Workspace- The workspace in the area in the document window was you enter/type the text of your document.

g. Main menu- The word main menu is displayed at the top of the screen. The main menu further displays sub-menu. Some of the options are highlighted option and some of them appear as faded options. At any time, only highlighted option can be executed, faded options are not applicable. In fact, if the option is faded you will not be able to choose it. You may not that any option faded under present situation may become highlighted under different situations.

Main menu options

The overall functions of all the items of main menu are explained below.

(a) File- You can perform file management operation by using these options such as opening, closing, saving, printing, exiting etc.

(b) Edit- Using this option you can perform editing function such as cut, copy, paste, find and replace etc.

(c) View- Word document can be of many pages. The different pages may have different modes. Each mode has its limitations. For example in normal mode the graphical picture cannot be displayed. They can only be displayed in page layout mode. Using the option “View” you can stitch over from one mode to other.

(d) Insert- Using this menu, you can insert various objects such as page numbers, footnotes, pictures frames etc. in your document.

(e)Format- Using this menu, you can perform various type of formatting operations, such as fonts can be changed, borders can be framed etc.

(f) Tools- Using this menu, you can have access to various utilities/tools of words, such as spell check, macros, mail merge etc.

(g) Table- This menu deals with tables. Using this menu you can perform various types of operations on the table.

(h) Windows- This menu allows you to work with two documents simultaneously. This would require two windows to be opened so that each one can hold one document. Using this menu, you can switch over from one window to another.

(i) Help- Using this menu, you can get online help of any function.

Use Your Keyboard to Quickly Change the Case of Text

Here is how you can use keyboard to quickly change the case of text in Microsoft Word:

Select the text you want to change and press SHIFT+F3. Each time you press the F3 key, the text case switches between Title Case, UPPERCASE and lowercase.

Paste using the INSERT key

You can assign the paste command to the INSERT key on your keyboard. That means you only have to use one key to paste to contents of your clipboard into your document.

Here is how to set it up:

1. On the tools menu, click option, and then click the Edit tab.

2. Select the use the INS key for paste check box to enable this feature.

3. Click OK.

Now each time you press the INSERT key, you will paste the contents of the clipboard into your document.

Add Fake Text to a Word Document

Here is a handy function you can use whenever you need to feel a page with fake text-for example, to demonstrate a feature in word or to work with page layout and design.

In a word document, type =rand (4, 5) and press ENTER.

The numbers in parentheses correspond to the number of paragraphs (4) and number of sentences per paragraph (5). You can change the number in parentheses to put more or less text on the page. Or if you want long paragraph, just place one number in the parentheses, which will designate the number of sentences that should appear in the paragraph.

Use the Mail Merge Wizard to Make Mass Mailings Easy

The mail merge feature in the word, which you can use to create many personalized letters from one standard letter, has always been a timesaver. But it was also tricky to learn and use, especially for new user. Not anymore! The new mail merge wizard in word version 2002 walks you through every step of the process. It helps you:

1. Select the type of document: letter, label, envelope, or even email message.

2. Open or create a list of recipients, or choose individuals from your outlook contacts.

3. Insert merge fields, such as name and address, into the document.

4. Preview the document and remorse any recipients before merging.

5. Print the finished documents to access this new feature.

To access this new feature

1. On the tools menu, point to letters and click Mail Merge Wizard.

2. When the Mail Merge task pane appears, simply follow the instruction.

Place Tables in Adjacent columns

1. Insert two tables, one above the other.

2. Adjust the column widths to ensure the total width of each table is less than half the width of the page.

3. Select both tables.

4. On the standard toolbar, click the columns button, and then drag the pointer to select 2 Columns.

Format Copied Text the Way You Wish

I receive electronic documents in various formats. When I use text from one of these source documents, I have to reformat the text to conform t6o the specification of the document I am working on. Here’s how I make sure that text copied from other documents conforms to my document style:

1. In the source document, select and copy the text you to want use.

2. In the destination document, create a black paragraph and apply any formatting, such as font size, columns, or bullets that you want to apply pasted text.

3. On the Edit menu, click paste special, click Unformatted Text, and then click OK.

The pasted text generally follows the formatting you specified for the blank paragraph.

Double-Click to Modify Bullets and Numbering

Do you get tired of searching through menu commands to make changes to the numbering schemes in your word documents? Skip the menus, and use this shortcut instead:

To open the Bullets and Numbering dialog box and adjust the numbering scheme, just double-click one of the numbers in the numbered list.

Position Clip Art in Word Using Text Boxes

A text box is moveable, sizable container for text or graphics. In Word, you can use a text box when you want more precise control over the position of clip art in a document.

1. ON the Drawing toolbar, click Text Box.

2. Click the border of the box that contains the words “Create your drawing here,” then click the text box that appears, and drags it to where you want to position the graphic.

3. To add clip art to the text box, place your cursor within it, click Insert on the menu bar, point to Picture , and click Clip Art.

4. IN the Insert Clip Art task pane, use the search interfaces to select your clip art.

You can use the options on the Drawing toolbar to enhance a text box-for example, to change the fill color-just as you as you can with any other drawing object. When using a text box to display a graphic, be change the line color on the text to No line.

Align Shapes in Your Word Document Using Gridlines

Microsoft Word features a drawing grid you can use to align drawing objects, such as AutoShapes. By default, gridlines are not visible on the screen. To make them visible:

1. On the View menu, point t Toolbars and click Drawing.

2. On the Drawing toolbar, click Draw, and then click Grid.

3. Select the Display gridlines on screen check box.

4. Choose the options you want and then click OK.

Now you are ready to add shapes to your document. To see all of the shapes available, such as filing cabinets, telephones, add computer monitors, click AutoShapes on the Drawing toolbar on the Drawing toolbar and them click More AutoShapes. Then make your selections from the Insert Clip Art task pane.

Customize grammar and writing style in word

If you have specific rules of grammar and style that you can want to apply to every word document for example only one space between sentences or a comma before the last item in a list-you can customize word so it automatically checks these rules for you.

To customize grammar and writing style

1. On the tools menu, click options, and then click the spelling & grammar tab.

2. Click settings.

3. In the writing style box, select whether you want to customize setting for grammar and style, or grammar only.

4. In the grammar and style options box, do one or both of following:

§ Under require, select the options you want for serial commas, punctuation within quotation marks, and number of spaces between sentences.

§ Under grammar and style, select or clear the check boxes next to the rules you want the grammar checker to check or ignore.

Translate your word documents-Pronto!

In word 2002, you can translate a word, phrase or whole document to another language by using the translate task pane. To open this task, on the tools menu point to language and click translate.

With this tool you can:

Look up words or phrases in the dictionary of a different language, provided that the language dictionary is installed on your computer.

Insert translated text into your document directly from the translate task pane.

Use translation service on the World Wide Web directly from the translate task pane. If you need translation of longer sections of text, click the Go button under translate via the Web from the task pane.

Add a Map to Your Word Document Using Map point

You can insert a Microsoft MapPoint® map into your Word 2002 document.

In a word 2002 document, when you type an address, a faint dotted line, the smart tag indicator, appears under the address. When you point mouse at the line, a Smart Tag Action button appears. Click the Smart Tag Action button, and then select insert mapoint map.

Modify your custom dictionary in word

You are probably already aware of the fact that you can add your own commonly used terms to the Word custom dictionary. For example, names and acronyms. But once you add a word to the dictionary, do you know how to remove or edit it?

To add, delete or edit words in a custom dictionary:

1. On the tools menu, click option and then click the Spelling & Grammar tab.

2. Click custom Directories.

3. Select the check box next to the dictionary you want to edit.

4. Click modify.

5. Then, do one of the following:

§ To add a word, type it in the Word box, and then click Add.

§ To delete a word, select it in the Dictionary box, and then click Delete.

§ To edit a word, select it in the Dictionary box, modify it, and then click Add. Delete the misspelled version.

Check Spelling in Another Language

Sometimes a single document includes words or phrases in more than one language. Since Word uses only one dictionary at a time, the words in the second language will be marked as misspelled. There’s a quick way to check these spellings too.

Right-click the text you want to check, point to language, and then select the language you want to check the spelling. Now that Word knows which dictionary to use, you can check the spelling of the text as you normally would.

Resume Numbering Easily Using Smart Tags

Sometimes you need to interrupt a numbered list to insert a paragraph of regular text. To quickly resume numbering on the paragraph, click the Numbering button on the Formatting toolbar. Then, when the Auto Correct Options smart tag appears, select the option to Continue Numbering. The Numbering will pick up right where you left off.

Copy an Excel Table and its Formatting in Word

When you copy a table of data from Excel 2002 into Word 2002, you can choose to keep the formatting that was applied to table in Excel, or you can match the destination table style and your table will be formatted in the Word default table style.

To copy a table from Excel to Word:

1. Open both the word document you want to copy to and the Excel worksheet that contains the table.

2. In Excel, select the table you want to copy.

3. On the edit menu, click Copy.

4. Switch to Word, and then click where you want the table to appear.

5. On the Edit menu click paste.

6. Using the paste options smart tag, select one of the following options:

§ To keep formatting applied in Excel, select Keep source formatting. (Or, to link the table so that it automatically updates with new data, select Keep source Formatting and Link to Excel.)